CentraleSupélec
2025-08-20
Philosophie du cours
Vous introduire au monde du logiciel libre (free software) avec sa dimension philosophique et pratique.
Au programme
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Philosophie libre
Les quatre libertés selon la Free Software Foundation:
Exemples
Unix est le noyau (+outils) commercial, développé par AT&T labs. Linux est développé par Linus Torval dans les années 1990.
Do one thing and do it well - Doug McIlroy
On dispose de plusieurs “petits” outils combinables. D. McIlroy a inventé le concept de “filters/pipes”, au sein d’un shell, e.g. Bourne-Again shell (bash)
Avec GNU Bash, On peut piper “|” des commandes, ou rediriger les entrées et les sorties
Plus d’infos :
ou sur la spécification Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
Extrait :
NAME
hier - description of the filesystem hierarchy
DESCRIPTION
A typical Linux system has, among others, the following directories:
/ This is the root directory. This is where the whole tree starts.
/dev Special or device files, which refer to physical devices. See mknod(1).
/etc Contains configuration files which are local to the machine. Some larger software packages, like X11, can have their own subdirectories below /etc
/home On machines with home directories for users, these are usually beneath this directory, directly or not.
/media This directory contains mount points for removable media such as CD and DVD disks or USB sticks.
/mnt This directory is a mount point for a temporarily mounted filesystem.
/opt This directory should contain add-on packages that contain static files.
/proc This is a mount point for the proc filesystem, which provides information about running processes and the kernel. This pseudo-filesystem is described in more detail in proc(5).
/root This directory is usually the home directory for the root user (optional).
/tmp This directory contains temporary files which may be deleted with no notice, such as by a regular job or at system boot up.
/usr This directory is usually mounted from a separate partition. It should hold only shareable, read-only data, so that it can be mounted by various machines running Linux.
/usr/bin This is the primary directory for executable programs. Most programs executed by normal users which are not needed for booting or for repairing the system and which are not installed locally should be placed in this directory.
/usr/include Include files for the C compiler.
/usr/lib Object libraries, including dynamic libraries, plus some executables which usually are not invoked directly.
/var This directory contains files which may change in size, such as spool and log files.
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Utilisateurs
root
a tout les droits (super-utilisateur)id
Permissions
Les permissions données à un groupe dépendent de flags. Ces permissions sont de trois types, notées “rwx” pour r-ead, w-rite, e-x-ecute, :
Et il y a 3 groupes de permissions :
Autre exemple :
ls -l /proc/
dr-xr-xr-x 6 root root 0 avril 1 06:01 tty
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 avril 1 06:00 uptime
-r--r--r-- 1 root root 0 avril 1 06:01 version
chmod
. Changement de propriétaire par chown
Voir aussi https://debian-handbook.info/browse/stable/sect.rights-management.html
Editer du texte/du code : vim, emacs, code
Versionner du code : git, github, gitlab. Voir Visual git reference et tutoriels
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